For the last few weeks, rancher Kim Kerns has been living in a 1970s trailer, up on a high meadow, with 550 sheep as they fatten up on spring grass.
Her family has used livestock protection dogs up here since the 1980s when she first got a Maremma guard dog from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
But that was .
鈥淲e鈥檝e actually kind of changed the type and size of dog we use,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e鈥檙e using a bigger and more aggressive guard dog now than we did in the 鈥�80s and even the 鈥�90s.鈥�
Now her dogs are a mix of Akbash, Kangal and Anatolian, three massive, ancient breeds out of Turkey. All of them can be 100 pounds or more and have a bite pressure of 740 pounds per square inch. Statistics vary, but a wolf鈥檚 bite force is between 400 psi and 1,500 psi.
Kerns runs eight guard dogs at a cost of $500 a month in feed. But she said the animals pay their ways by reducing the labor of controlling sheep and reducing predator kills.
Over the last couple of decades, Oregon and much of the West has been conducting an enormous ecological experiment by allowing wolves to once more roam the landscape.
For ranchers, wolves are another predator to guard against. But unlike coyotes, bears, bobcats or mountain lions, wolves hunt in packs and can be very persistent. They鈥檙e also smart. So they learn quickly that a sound cannon, a bunch of flags, or even gunfire into the air aren鈥檛 a real danger. And they return.
Kerns remembers a two-week period last year when wolves were picking off her sheep, one-by-one. Even her dogs weren鈥檛 a match.
鈥淲e weren鈥檛 getting any sleep, the guard dogs weren鈥檛 getting any sleep, everybody was run ragged,鈥� she said. 鈥淎nd it was terrifying. Like it was flat scary.鈥�
She tried everything, from spotlights and electrical fences at night, but the wolves kept coming.
鈥淔inally we just decided that we couldn鈥檛 take it anymore. We moved the sheep a couple of miles,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t seemed to be outside of where the wolves were.鈥�
Now Kerns relies on the dogs to alert her to wolves. They can smell or see a wolf well before she can, and they start to bark and get agitated.
Kerns surrounds her sheep with a sturdy electric fence at night or moves them to another pasture. She is permitted to shoot a wolf if it鈥檚 actively attacking. But since they鈥檙e federally protected, she needs really good proof. Also, shooting a wolf in a herd would just as likely result in the death of a sheep.
The Oregon Department of Agriculture has a to reimburse ranchers. But Kerns said it pays little and the loss of just one ewe can cause real damage, even though it might only fetch $200 at market.
鈥淭here are some 5- or 6-year-old ewes in there that know every single camp we go to. Every single waterhole,鈥� Kerns said. 鈥淭hat ewe is really irreplaceable in my flock.鈥�
Kerns thinks the compensation program just gives the public permission to turn a blind eye to the problem.
Unlike many ranchers, Kerns doesn鈥檛 want to see wolves eliminated again. But she鈥檇 like a quicker response from the government when she sends in a kill request.
Another rancher in the Baker City area, Shirley Shold, agrees: 鈥淚 think it would be better for everyone, and the packs, if they were spread out more.鈥�
She started breeding dogs that are suitable for herds after finding freshly killed calves and lambs.
鈥淪eeing the loss of a newborn life was very hard,鈥� said Shold, who moved from Portland 12 years ago.
鈥淪o I started thinking, we鈥檝e got to do something different. And I was talking to a fellow rancher and she said, 鈥業f you鈥檝e got wolves, you want Kangal dogs.鈥欌��
So Shold got a Kangal and Akbash pair and now breeds them for other ranchers at about $800 a head.
How good the dogs turn out to be depends largely on their nature, said Shold. Some dogs are more nurturing and remain in the middle of their herds. While other dogs become perimeter dogs, scouting outside the herd for predators.
Watching them is like watching a sheep dog trial. Except that instead of a human issuing orders, these dogs follow their inner natures.
But many traditional ranchers aren鈥檛 convinced the dogs can keep wolves away and they point out, the dogs are expensive to feed.
But Shold thinks attitudes are changing as more wolves appear and ranchers see others in the business using large dogs to protect their livestock.
Shold鈥檚 ranch can be seen from the road.
鈥淓verybody started paying attention,鈥� she said. 鈥淧eople really started 鈥� watching the dogs because they can observe them from the highway, and I know it鈥檚 making an impact. They鈥檙e seeing that this can help.鈥�
The dogs鈥� ability to manage a sheep herd is well recognized. But Shold wants to integrate them into cattle herds as well.
Others aren鈥檛 so sure. They point out that cows don鈥檛 herd together like sheep. That means the dogs have to patrol much larger areas. But on Shold鈥檚 ranch, the cattle do seem tolerant of the dogs.
Brian Ratliff, with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, said some ranchers are seeing success with the large dog breeds.
鈥淟ivestock protection dogs will work or have some noticeable benefits on certain operations. So, sheep and goats. Also in confined areas, smaller pastures, with cattle,鈥� he said.
But it鈥檚 not about having the dogs fight the wolves.
鈥淭he most important thing I think that livestock protection dogs do 鈥� is they alert the producer to what鈥檚 going on,鈥� he said.
Back on the slopes of Kim Kerns鈥� ranch, she watches her dogs move the herd to greener pastures. She said yes, the dogs are useful: 鈥漈hey鈥檙e another tool in the tool box.鈥�
But they鈥檙e not a silver bullet.
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