But it鈥檚 unlikely to throw open the jailhouse doors anytime soon for many of the 44,000 people across California who are behind bars on any given day, despite not being convicted and sentenced for a crime.
鈥淚t makes very clear you can鈥檛 detain someone just because they can鈥檛 pay,鈥� said Natasha Minsker, a Sacramento attorney and consultant who focuses on criminal justice issues. 鈥淚t leaves many questions unanswered.鈥�
The use of bail has been a major focus of criminal justice reform efforts here and across the country. Last year, voters rejected , which would have ended the use of cash bail. The Supreme Court opinion issued Thursday says judges must consider a defendant鈥檚 ability to pay when setting bail. The opinion also said judges can consider public safety and whether a defendant is a flight risk when making pretrial detention decisions.
But the procedure for making such determinations is unclear.
鈥�(S)triking the proper balance between the government鈥檚 interests and an individual鈥檚 pretrial right to liberty requires a reasoned inquiry, careful consideration of the individual arrestee鈥檚 circumstances, and fair procedures,鈥� Justice Mariano-Florentino Cu茅llar wrote in the opinion. 鈥淏ut鈥his is not a case that requires us to lay out comprehensive descriptions of every procedure by which bail determinations must be made. We leave such details to future cases.鈥�
Those future cases will take time.
For now, defense lawyers will need to decide if they should be filing motions for bail reconsideration in existing cases. Prosecutors will need to figure out what this means for the bail amounts they request from judges. Courts will need to figure out processes for determining when a defendant can afford bail. And judges 鈥� who sometimes set exorbitant bail amounts, particularly in cases where the charges are serious 鈥� will need to figure out the constitutional limits on when they can order a defendant held without bail for public safety reasons, or out of fear they won鈥檛 come back to court.
鈥淚nevitably they鈥檙e going to exceed those limits鈥� as the courts stumble through, Minsker said. And that will mean more litigation and, ultimately, decisions clarifying when criminal defendants can be held behind bars before trial.
Even with the ambiguity, criminal justice reform advocates and public defenders hailed the decision.
The opinion is 鈥渁 validation of a ground-up movement in California and what we have always known as our truth that says liberty cannot be stripped simply because of an inability to pay for one鈥檚 freedom,鈥� said Raj Jayadev, co-founder of the Silicon Valley De-Bug. Advocates said the challenge now is pressing judges to both reconsider bail in existing cases and to follow the spirit of the law going forward.
鈥淭here鈥檚 still a lot of legwork to do,鈥� said Elizabeth Camacho, a felony case manager in the San Francisco public defender鈥檚 office. She said attorneys in her office will need to look at which cases might be eligible for reconsideration of bail under the new decision.
Three-quarters of jail inmates statewide are unsentenced 鈥� meaning they haven鈥檛 actually been convicted and sentenced for a crime, the Board of State and Community Corrections. Many have bail set by the courts.
For example, data obtained by CalMatters show that more than 4,300 of the roughly 5,800 unsentenced inmates in Los Angeles County jails as of mid-February had a bail amount listed. Some, however, likely have other holds such as an outstanding warrant that might prevent them from being released even if they can get a judge to reconsider their bail.
鈥淚t鈥檚 just a step forward in what is right. People 鈥� rich or poor 鈥� should have the same access to justice,鈥� Camacho said. 鈥淚 do think when our highest court speaks and says there must be an individual consideration of each person and whether or not there are non-monetary means to release pretrial 鈥� that鈥檚 powerful.鈥�
A spokesperson for the California District Attorneys Association said the opinion importantly still gives judges discretion in pretrial detention decisions. The group鈥檚 head, Greg Totten, released a statement shortly after the decision came out.
鈥淐DAA has long believed that California鈥檚 bail system needs to be thoughtfully reformed in a manner that balances both public safety considerations and the individual circumstances of the charged defendant, including, but not limited to, their financial means to post bail,鈥� he said, adding that the association didn鈥檛 take a position on the case that led to the Supreme Court ruling.
Karen Pank, director of the Chief Probation Officers of California, also released a statement appearing to praise the decision.
鈥淲ealth should play no role in the justice system and we will continue to fight for a pretrial system that focuses on safety, fairness, and effectiveness for system-involved individuals and our communities,鈥� she said.