For years California has been stuck in a recurring fight between legislators who want the state to turbocharge new home construction and legislators determined to defend a landmark environmental protection law.
The final showdown in that long-standing battle may have just arrived.
A by Oakland Democratic Assemblymember Buffy Wicks would exempt most urban housing developments from the 55-year-old California Environmental Quality Act.
If it passes 鈥� a big if, even in today鈥檚 鈥� it would mean no more environmental lawsuits over , no more legislative debates over which projects and no more use of the law by environmental justice advocates, construction unions and anti-development homeowners to from developers or
In short, it would spell the end of California鈥檚 Housing-CEQA Wars.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e able to get it to the governor鈥檚 desk, I think it鈥檚 probably one of the most significant changes to CEQA we will have seen since the law鈥檚 inception,鈥� said Wicks.
Wicks鈥� broadside at CEQA (pronounced 鈥渟ee-kwah鈥�) is one of 22 housing bills that she and a bipartisan group of legislators are parading out Thursday as a unified 鈥淔ast Track Housing Package.鈥� Wicks teed up the legislative blitz earlier this month when she , based on the findings of the select committee she chaired last year, that identified slow, uncertain and costly regulatory approval processes as among the main culprits behind California鈥檚 housing crisis.
The nearly two dozen bills are a deregulatory barrage meant to blast away at every possible choke point in the housing approval pipeline.
Most are eye-glazingly deep in the weeds.
There are bills to standardize and . One bill would assign state and regional regulatory agencies to approve or reject projects and another would let developers if cities blow the deadlines. Different bills take aim at different institutions identified as obstructionist: the , and local governments throwing up roadblocks to the construction of .
Wicks鈥� bill stands out. It鈥檚 simple: No more environmental lawsuits for 鈥渋nfill鈥� housing. It鈥檚 also likely to draw the most controversy.
鈥淚t鈥檚 trying something that legislators have not been willing to try in the past,鈥� said Chris Elmendorf, a UC Davis law professor and frequent critic of CEQA. 鈥淎nd the reason they have not been willing to try in the past is because there are a constellation of interest groups that benefit from the status quo. The question now is whether those interest groups will kill this or there鈥檚 a change in the zeitgeist.鈥�
A spokesperson for CEQA Works, a coalition of dozens of environmental, conservation, and preservation advocacy organizations, said the members of the group needed more time to review the new legislation before being interviewed for this story.
A spokesperson for the State Building and Construction Trades Council, which advocates on behalf of tens of thousands of unionized construction workers in California, said the organization was still 鈥渄igging into鈥� the details of the bill.
What鈥檚 the big deal?
The California Environmental Quality Act has been on the books since 1971, but its power as a potential check on development has ebbed and flowed with various and state legislative sessions. The act doesn鈥檛 ban or restrict anything outright. It requires government agencies to study the environmental impact of any decisions they make 鈥� including the approval of new housing 鈥� and to make those studies public.
In practice, these studies can take years to complete and can be challenged in court, sometimes repeatedly.
Defenders of how the law applies to new housing argue that . Critics counter that the mere threat of litigation is often enough to pare down or entirely dissuade potential development.
As state lawmakers have come around to the idea that the state鈥檚 shortage of homes is the main driver of California鈥檚 punishingly high cost of living 鈥� and a major political vulnerability for Democrats 鈥� CEQA has been a frequent target.
Until now, attacks on the law have generally come in the form of selective carve-outs, conditioned exemptions and narrow loopholes.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e able to get it to the governor鈥檚 desk, I think it鈥檚 probably one of the most significant changes to CEQA we will have seen since the law鈥檚 inception.鈥�Buffy Wicks, Assemblymember, Democrat, Oakland
There鈥檚 the ignore the act 鈥� but only so long as they set aside some of the units at a discount and .
A spate of bills from two years ago waived the act for most homes, but only if they are .
There was the time a CEQA lawsuit held up a UC Berkeley student housing project over its presumptively noisy future tenants and the Legislature clapped back with a .
Wicks鈥� new bill is different, in that the exemption is broad and comes with no strings attached. It would apply to any 鈥渋nfill鈥� housing project, a general term for homes in already built-up urban areas, as opposed to fresh subdivisions on the suburban fringes.
That echoes a suggestion from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency, which made a series of to the environmental law last year.
鈥淐alifornia will never achieve its housing goals as long as CEQA has the potential to turn housing development into something akin to urban warfare鈥攃ontested block by block, building by building,鈥� the report said. 鈥淭he Commission recommends that the state exempt all infill housing from CEQA review鈥� without additional conditions or qualifications.鈥�
Wicks bill defines 鈥渋nfill鈥� broadly as any housing in an urban area that鈥檚 either been previously developed or surrounded by developed lots and doesn鈥檛 sit on a wetland, a farm field, a hazardous waste site or a conservation area.
The site also has to be less than 20 acres to qualify for the exemption, but at roughly the size of 15 football fields, that鈥檚 not likely to be a limiting factor for most housing projects.
One possible rub: When a housing project varies from what is allowed under local zoning rules and requires special approval 鈥� a common requirement even for small housing projects 鈥� the exemption would not apply.
Enter another bill in the housing package, . Authored by San Francisco Democratic Sen. Scott Wiener, that bill would also exempt those rezonings from CEQA if the project is consistent with the city鈥檚
鈥淧ut the two bills together and it鈥檚 really a dramatic raising of the ante in terms of what the pro-housing legislators are willing to put on the table and ask their colleagues to vote for,鈥� said Elmendorf.
An environmental case against the Environmental Quality Act?
Environmental justice advocates regularly use the law to block or extract changes from developments that they argue will . Developers and lawyers regularly claim that organized labor groups defend the law to preserve it as a hard-nosed tool. Well-to-do homeowners who oppose local development projects for any reason may turn to CEQA to stall a project that otherwise passes muster on paper.
All these groups have pull in the California capitol. That may be one reason why this kind of bill hasn鈥檛 been introduced in recent memory.
Wicks said she thinks California鈥檚 Legislature may be ready to take up the cause. The severity of the housing crisis, Democratic electoral losses over the issue of unaffordability, and the urgency to all have created a 鈥渕oment鈥� for this argument, she said.
She, and other supporters of the bill, also insist that the cause of the environment is on their side too.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 view building infill housing for our working class communities in need as on par with drilling more oil wells in our communities, yet CEQA is applied in the same way,鈥� she said.
Researchers have found that packing more homes into already-dense urban areas is a good way to . That鈥檚 because living closer to shops, schools, jobs and restaurants mean more walking and biking and less driving, and also because downtown apartments, which tend to be smaller, require less energy to heat and cool.
Even if infill is, in general, more ecologically friendly than sprawl development, that doesn鈥檛 mean that a particular project can鈥檛 produce a wide array of environmental harms. In a letter to the Little Hoover Commission, the California Environmental Justice Alliance, a nonprofit member of CEQA Works, in Richmond.
A final environmental impact report for the project 鈥渁dded strategies to mitigate the poor air quality, water quality, and noise impacts鈥� associated with the development and 鈥渋ncluded plans to preserve the historic character of buildings, added key sustainability strategies, and improved the process for site clean up.鈥� That report was .
Jennifer Hernandez, a land-use attorney and one of the state鈥檚 most prolific critics of CEQA, said local permit requirements and public nuisance rules should be up to the task of addressing those problems, no outside litigation required.
鈥淭he whole construct of using CEQA to allow the dissenting 鈥榥o鈥� vote, a community member with resources, to hold up a project for five years is just ridiculous,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 like making the mere act of inhabiting a city for the people who live there a harm to the existing environment.鈥�