The federal government will dole out disaster relief to commercial Chinook salmon fishermen who have weathered a string of poor seasons on the Oregon Coast. But some fishermen say the help won鈥檛 be enough to rescue the fast-shrinking industry.
Earlier this month, two years after a request by Oregon鈥檚 governor, the U.S. Department of Commerce declared a Chinook fishery disaster for 2018, 2019 and 2020, years when local salmon populations plummeted. Fishing regulators blame the drop on poor habitat conditions and climate change near the California-Oregon border, where thousands of Chinook migrate from the ocean up rivers and streams to spawn.
The disaster declaration releases financial assistance for fishermen and possibly for other businesses, along with funding to help restore the fishery and protect future Chinook runs, members of Oregon鈥檚 congressional delegation said in a statement.
This species of salmon is Oregon鈥檚 official state fish and is of high cultural value to Northwest tribes. Chinook are also considered a cornerstone of the Oregon Coast economy. Sales of Chinook salmon used to feed thousands of families along the coast, but revenues have plummeted with the decline in the numbers of fish migrating up waterways.
In the 1970s, the heyday for salmon fishing, thousands of commercial boats brought in an average $35 million per year in Chinook and coho salmon. But revenues later dropped, with Chinook fishermen especially hard hit.
From 2018 to 2020, low numbers of Chinook and restrictions by the Pacific Fishery Management Council drove a hard downturn for fishermen and businesses such as restaurants and markets that sell Oregon-caught wild Chinook. From 2013 to 2017, the total commercial value of salmon caught in Oregon averaged more than $6 million per year. That steadily dropped to $1.4 million in 2020 and has only recovered slightly since, according to .
Fish numbers also dropped this summer with federal regulators closing most of the Oregon Coast and all of California to commercial Chinook fishing after projections of 鈥溾�� returns to the Klamath and Sacramento river basins.
It鈥檚 not clear yet how much money the federal government will distribute for the disaster. People who are eligible for the federal help will be contacted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 鈥渋n the coming weeks,鈥� Gov. Tina Kotek said in a statement.
The assistance is 鈥渓ong overdue,鈥� Oregon Democratic Sens. Jeff Merkley and Ron Wyden said in a statement. They were joined by Oregon鈥檚 Democratic U.S. Reps. Suzanne Bonamici, Earl Blumenauer, Andrea Salinas and Val Hoyle along with Republican Rep. Lori Chavez-DeRemer. The only member of Oregon鈥檚 delegation not joining the effort was Republican Rep. Cliff Bentz, who represents eastern Oregon.
Fishermen told the Capital Chronicle that they appreciate the assistance but said the relief is coming years too late and likely won鈥檛 make them whole, they said.
鈥淭he powers that be move pretty slowly when it comes to this stuff,鈥� said Ray Monroe, a Pacific City dory fisherman. Monroe is a member of the Oregon Salmon Commission, an industry-funded group that鈥檚 legally part of the state Department of Agriculture.
While the national oceanic agency prepares to distribute the relief, the federal commerce department is also considering a by Kotek to quickly declare a disaster for this year鈥檚 closed Chinook season. Former Gov. Kate Brown initially asked for a disaster declaration in 2021.
Chinook salmon have consistently struggled to migrate from California, but some other salmon populations have rebounded in recent years, including federally-protected coho that have been mostly off-limits to commercial fishing for about 15 years.
Drivers of disaster
Chinook fishing off the Oregon Coast is heavily influenced by the health of salmon runs in the Sacramento and Klamath rivers, which have suffered from drought and water overuse that鈥檚 exacerbated by climate change, scientists say.
Chinook spawn in those rivers and migrate to the Oregon Coast to feed and mature before returning upstream to spawn again. Regulators home in on those fish populations when deciding whether to allow Chinook fishing for most of Oregon, said John North, an assistant fish division administrator with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
鈥淚f they aren鈥檛 doing that well, we can鈥檛 fish,鈥� North said.
North said poor river habitat and harsh conditions for salmon in the ocean led to federal regulators鈥� decisions from 2018 to 2020 to limit the number of Chinook salmon that could be caught off most of the Oregon Coast.
However, according to Brown鈥檚 2021 , Chinook fishing never stopped entirely in Oregon waters during those years.
The fishery continues to be plagued by poor salmon runs. In 2021, about 90% of winter-run Chinook before spawning. The federal government had listed Central Valley spring-run Chinook as threatened in 1999, and numbers of returning salmon plummeted enough this fall that state and federal biologists are trapping them in an effort to save runs from extinction.
One of many 鈥榙isasters鈥�
The federal government has declared for various salmon populations on the West Coast in recent years. North said that鈥檚 apparently becoming more common.
In addition to the newly-announced disaster and Kotek鈥檚 request for a Chinook disaster this year, the federal government has declared salmon fishery disasters in Oregon at least four times since 1994, often in tandem with California.
Most recently, the national oceanic agency doled out almost $9 million to compensate Oregon and California communities affected by a Chinook downturn in 2016 and 2017.
The Oregon Salmon Commission helped coordinate those payments, said Jeff Reeves, a veteran fisherman based near Coos Bay who is the board鈥檚 chairman. Fishermen, restaurateurs and others received about $8,000 each, he said. But the money took a few years to arrive, and Reeves said too many checks went to businesses that weren鈥檛 directly involved in fishing.
鈥淚鈥檓 not trying to sound unappreciative, but that was not enough to save the fishermen,鈥� Reeves said.
Hard times
Reeves has fished the central Oregon Coast for decades. He said Oregon鈥檚 Chinook fishing fleet is 鈥渙n life support鈥�: Last year, just 180 boats landed Chinook or coho compared with a peak of 3,900 boats in the late 1970s, federal records show.
And when Chinook numbers are low, the fishermen are often stuck. It鈥檚 not easy for them to pivot from Chinook 鈥渢rolling鈥� to fishing for other catch because commercial fishing in general is time-intensive, heavily-regulated and expensive. When regulators restrict salmon catches, fisherman can鈥檛 afford to upkeep their moored boats; in Coos Bay, they are falling into disrepair or arrears. Some have burned, Reeves said.
鈥淚鈥檝e seen lots of good people go by the wayside because they had invested in the salmon fishery,鈥� he said.
Fishing is the first love of Monroe in Pacific City, but he has had to take other jobs throughout the years, such as cleaning homes and working for a local soil and water conservation district to make ends meet. Like Reeves, he鈥檚 frustrated with regulators鈥� decisions to close the fishery. He said they鈥檙e based on shaky projections and puts local communities in 鈥渟urvival mode.鈥�
Some bright spots
Other coastal salmon populations are faring better than Klamath and Sacramento-run Chinook, Shaun Clemens, the state acting deputy director of fish and wildlife, told a state legislative committee this month.
The national oceanic agency protected Oregon coastal coho in 1998 under the Endangered Species Act. That population may have improved enough to be delisted in the coming years, Clemens said.
North said Chinook from the Columbia River returned strong this year. Those fish typically migrate north to Washington and British Columbia.
Oregon commercial fisheries could benefit from loosened protections for coho, as well as a massive dam removal and river restoration project on the Klamath River, which is expected to strengthen salmon runs.
鈥淚 just hope there鈥檚 a few of us left to capitalize on that,鈥� Reeves said.
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