Just off Stateline Highway, about 100 feet into California from the Oregon border, Klamath National Wildlife Refuge Manager Greg Austin stands on the edge of a marsh. There are flocks of mallards and some geese, but as one of America鈥檚 main stopovers for migratory birds, this wetland is almost completely dry this year.
鈥淭his is the only water we have. And we can get 5,000 birds down here right now,鈥� he says.
Five thousand? They should have 700,000 birds this time of year.
Big rig trucks zoom past on the highway, stacked high with onions from nearby farms. They also rely on this water. Austin says when the Klamath Basin is wet, it produces food for all sorts of bird species.
鈥淲hen this place is doing its job, it鈥檚 fun to watch,鈥� he says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 just incredible to see this place do what it can do.鈥�
If you look at a map of the North American bird migration route known as the Pacific Flyway, the Klamath Wildlife Refuge Complex is like the narrow middle of an hourglass. Birds flying between the Arctic and Mexico are funneled into this series of six lakes and marshes. They rest and eat wetland plants and grains from farm fields to refuel for the rest of their journey.
Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge was created in 1908 by President Teddy Roosevelt. It was the nation鈥檚 first waterfowl refuge, and it was specifically set aside to protect wild birds.
Austin says they might fly for a whole day before stopping here.
鈥淚t鈥檚 an ancient highway,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hese birds have been using this flyway forever.鈥�
But with neither water nor plants to feed on this year, they鈥檙e skipping the Klamath refuges.
Caroline Brady is the waterfowl program supervisor for the California Waterfowl Association. Lately, she鈥檚 been banding birds in the Sacramento Valley.
鈥淵ou鈥檙e seeing more species arrive earlier, and overall, everybody seems to be pounding the food,鈥� she says.
Some birds have arrived worn out because of their longer-than-usual trip to California.
鈥淭hey鈥檙e hungry customers once they鈥檝e made it here this year,鈥� Brady says.
Craig Isola manages a different group of refuges at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex in California, most of which are wetlands for migratory birds.
鈥淲e saw big numbers of snow geese arriving in early October in the tens of thousands,鈥� he says. 鈥淎nd those generally don鈥檛 show up until the last week of October or the first week of November. So, almost a month early.鈥�
Isola says as droughts have made water less dependable in the Klamath Basin, it鈥檚 becoming a trend for birds to arrive early in the Sacramento Valley.
鈥淚t鈥檚 putting another added burden on the wetland food resources of the Sacramento Valley because it鈥檚 a finite resource. And if there鈥檚 more birds for a longer period it could impact the overall carrying capacity,鈥� Isola says.
Even in drought years like this one the Sacramento refuge complex is entitled to 75% of its usual water allocation when balanced against other users like agriculture under the Central Valley Project Improvement Act. The Klamath Basin complex is less fortunate.
The Klamath refuge complex receives water delivered through the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project after agricultural users and the Klamath tribe, which has senior water rights. So while the Klamath refuge often lacks the water it needs, during drought years it is the first user to go without.
Caroline Brady with the California Waterfowl Association, says large numbers of birds arriving early can also be a problem for harvest season in the heavily farmed Central Valley.
鈥淭hat just precipitates more wildlife-agriculture conflict because you have these hungry birds that have flown hundreds if not thousands of miles to get here and their usual stop off spot is not available,鈥� she says.
A spokesperson from the California Rice Commission said the rice industry did not experience much conflict with migratory birds this year. But future droughts that disturb migration are very possible.
According to a based at Oregon State University, models project warmer and drier summers in Oregon and less winter snowpack. Those factors increase the likelihood of more droughts.
With the collapse of a previous Klamath Basin water sharing agreement in 2015, consecutive drought years have ratcheted up tensions over water between farmers, Native tribes and wildlife advocates.
Manager Greg Austin says the only way to take care of the basin is to rebuild those partnerships. Dry conditions like these could be increasingly common in the years ahead.
鈥淲e need all the groups to get hopefully back together and see if we can come up with some long-term agreement that we can all work with and live with,鈥� he says.
