Maria Meunier has lived in Medford for almost a decade. She owned a manufactured home at the Medford Estates 鈥� what was once a gated, manicured mobile home park with cleanly paved streets, sturdy homes and bright green lawns 鈥� until Sept. 8th. That's when the Almeda Fire raged through Jackson County, destroying 2,500 homes within hours.
Five months after the fire, the crumpled remains of Meunier鈥檚 house overlooks an expanse of ashes and twisted metal. She and her adult son, who has disabilities, are living at a friend鈥檚 house as they search for housing amid a tight market and a severe shortage of affordable homes.
They applied for disaster assistance through the Federal Emergency Management Agency, but were denied.
鈥淵ou are not eligible for housing assistance because you did not prove you lived in the damaged home at the time of the disaster,鈥� Meunier reads from the letter FEMA sent her. 鈥淚鈥檝e been there since August 2012! Who鈥檚 been paying the rent? Who鈥檚 been paying mortgage and property taxes?鈥�
Meunier is among the nearly 14,000 Oregonians who were denied federal disaster assistance after last year鈥檚 wildfires, according to data provided by the agency. She鈥檚 also one of the few people who have appealed FEMA鈥檚 decisions. About 290 people in Oregon appealed FEMA鈥檚 denials. Only 40 of those were approved. Meunier wasn鈥檛 among them.
Meunier wants to go back home. She wants to live in the same park, in the same plot, in a similar house. The park is leasing plots on a first-come, first-serve basis, without prioritizing previous tenants. New tenants will need to buy a home among a selection of designs provided by the park, and prices are going to be tens of thousands of dollars more than what Meunier paid nine years ago. She owned her previous home outright. It was easier to afford the monthly mortgage payments along with space rent when her late husband was alive.
Meunier guesses she鈥檒l need another $30,000 to move back to the park. She鈥檚 not sure what she鈥檒l do if she doesn鈥檛 make up that shortfall. Still, she plans to appeal FEMA鈥檚 denial a third time.
鈥淚鈥檓 going to fight,鈥� Meunier says. 鈥淲hatever it takes.鈥�
LEFT OUT
Oregon鈥檚 high rates of denial are on par with previous natural disasters. FEMA denied about after Hurricane Maria. A study by , a housing nonprofit, found that FEMA denied a quarter of disaster applicants after Hurricane Harvey.
Many of the people who have been denied assistance are low-income. Among Hurricane Harvey applicants, people whose annual incomes were below $15,000 had a 46% denial rate. People with annual incomes exceeding $70,000 had a 10% denial rate.
JPR has a pending data request with FEMA to obtain income and demographic information about Oregon applicants who were impacted by wildfires in 2020.
Following Oregon鈥檚 wildfires, FEMA issued press releases encouraging people to appeal. They said the appeals process could be as simple as correcting a typo or providing a missing document.
Disaster victim advocates and legal aid attorneys say appealing FEMA鈥檚 denials is anything but simple; and that by denying so many people the first time, the agency is using a complex bureaucratic process to weed out people who likely need the most help.
鈥淧eople who鈥檝e been affected by a disaster are dealing with trauma,鈥� says attorney Tracy Figueroa with Texas RioGrande Legal Aid. 鈥淭hey're trying to pull the documents together, and just hearing 'no' from one entity or another can shut things down. They don't know how to navigate the bureaucracy. They're just done.鈥�
Figueroa and other legal aid attorneys say applicants almost always need an attorney to help them find and deliver documents, provide context for their living situations, and continually follow up with FEMA representatives.
People with limited resources are less likely to have access to a lawyer. Disaster-prone states like Texas, where Figueroa has worked through 18 federal disasters, have teams of legal aid attorneys that help low-income disaster victims. But in states like Oregon, which rarely sees a disaster as destructive as the Almeda Fire, there are few private or nonprofit attorneys who are experienced in FEMA disaster assistance.
FEMA鈥檚 denial letters aren鈥檛 always clear about how applicants can amend their applications. For example, several Oregon applicants told JPR that they were denied assistance because they have homeowner鈥檚 insurance; a common misunderstanding, since FEMA often lists homeowners insurance as a reason for denial. Rather, FEMA can help people with homeowners insurance, but those applicants need to follow a few other steps first. They need to see what their insurance will cover and provide that documentation to FEMA, then they need to apply for a loan through the Small Business Administration, even if they don鈥檛 intend to take out a loan. At that point, they could go back to FEMA with an appeal.
Some applicants have also encountered language barriers, including Meunier, who primarily speaks Spanish. When she called the FEMA help line and asked for Spanish services, she received an English-speaking representative who used a translator located at a separate call center. They said they couldn鈥檛 transfer her to a Spanish-speaking FEMA representative; instead, they had to use a translator from the call center.
鈥淭hey don't realize, in the translation, a lot of things get messed up,鈥� Meunier says. 鈥淵ou cannot literally translate spoken words.鈥�
DATA DENIALS
When someone applies for disaster assistance through FEMA, the agency feeds their information through a third-party service, according to .
If someone鈥檚 information doesn鈥檛 match up with that service鈥檚 database, it spits out a denial. People often receive eligibility determinations within hours of submitting their applications.
FEMA's automated data verification can be problematic for people with unconventional living conditions. If someone was informally living out of a garage or a spare bedroom 鈥� or living in a mobile home with a title that never formally transferred to their name 鈥� they鈥檙e more likely to get denied assistance. If they have a Spanish name that is sometimes Anglicized or misspelled 鈥� or they have two last names that are sometimes hyphenated, sometimes not 鈥� they鈥檙e also more likely to be denied. It could get particularly tricky if a family includes undocumented parents with a child who is a U.S. Citizen.
If there are multiple households living on a property 鈥� like roommates sharing a home, or multiple families in different buildings with the same address 鈥� only one of them could apply for assistance. If the same address gets multiple applications for assistance, they鈥檙e more likely to be denied.
These factors tend to leave out historically marginalized people with low incomes, says Sarah Saadian of the Low Income Housing Coalition.
鈥淭hese programs are not designed to serve people with the greatest needs,鈥� Saadian says. 鈥淎nd so, it's unsurprising that we keep seeing these outcomes over and over again.鈥�
The most common reason people are denied assistance in their initial applications is because of a clerical error or a missing document, according to FEMA spokesperson Jassiel Olivero Melo. She wouldn鈥檛 say if the agency was working on improving its disaster assistance applications to alleviate this common mistake.
鈥淚f the agency finds that there may be something in the application process that is causing applicants to fall short or needs some [interpretation], I am very sure the agency will improve it, if that's the particular case,鈥� Melo says.
CHALLENGES WITH MOBILE HOMES
Jackson County officials say two-thirds of the homes destroyed by the Almeda Fire were manufactured homes. Like Meunier, mobile homeowners face a number of challenges in applying for disaster assistance. They need to provide months-long proof that they paid space rent, a copy of their lease agreement, and a title to their home, which isn鈥檛 always available because of the generally informal process of buying a mobile home.
鈥淔or people who are living in mobile homes, they may not have those title documents,鈥� Saadian says. 鈥淓ven if your state may require you to register it, it just doesn't happen like that. Sometimes the park owner might have it. Sometimes it's never delivered when the home is delivered.鈥�
Saadian and the Low Income Housing Coalition are encouraging FEMA and Congress to enact legislation that allows mobile homeowners to self-certify homeownership in lieu of title documents, a process that had been allowed after Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico. FEMA only allows self-attestation in U.S. territories, not in the states.
Mobile home parks have historically been located in areas that are susceptible to natural disasters, including wildfires and hurricanes.
鈥淭hey're in areas where wildfires occur and where flooding can occur because they're tucked away,鈥� says attorney Ilene Jacobs with the California Rural Legal Assistance. 鈥淪ome of them are quite substandard and are in areas adjacent to a highway.鈥�
The Almeda Fire burned through the Bear Creek Greenway, a riparian area and bike path running along the Interstate 5 freeway. Several manufactured home parks abutted the greenway and freeway before the fire raged through those properties.
Jacobs has spent years working closely with disaster assistance groups and legal-aid clients. She says every time there's a disaster, the same patterns arise: high rates of denial, low rates of appeals, and large numbers of low-income families falling through the cracks.
"These are lessons that we should have learned a long time ago and not learn every time there's a disaster," Jacobs says.
