California is in a budget hole, its depth measured not in feet, but in dollars.
How deep? A projected $38 billion deficit, according to Gov. Gavin Newsom, who said today he will declare a fiscal emergency if necessary and unveiled his initial plan to dig the state out of a fiscal chasm for the second year in a row.
But Newsom painted it as a return to a more normal budget, after recent spikes in revenue. He called it 鈥渁 story of correction, a story of normalization after a period of tremendous amount of distortion.鈥�
His deficit projection is far less dire than last month鈥檚 outlook from the nonpartisan legislative analysts, who projected that the state is eyeing a , which starts July 1.
Crucially, 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 team is assuming $15 billion more in revenues than the legislative analysts, explaining much of the difference in forecasts, based on the resilience of the economy.
鈥淲e鈥檙e just a little less pessimistic,鈥� said Newsom, who repeatedly criticized the news media鈥檚 reporting on the Legislative Analyst鈥檚 Office鈥檚 figure. Basically, the administration is less concerned than the analyst鈥檚 office about an impending recession, added Joe Stephenshaw, 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 budget director.
狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 includes:
- Withdrawing $13.1 billion from the budget stabilization and safety net reserve accounts;
- Cutting $8.5 billion from existing programs and services, including climate, housing and education;
- Delaying $5.1 billion worth of spending, including on transit;
- And deferring another $2.1 billion to 2025-26, including about $500 million in additional funding for University of California and California State University;
- $5.7 billion in internal borrowing from special funds to support the tax on health care providers.
But he said he wants to protect investments in addressing homelessness, mental health reform, and public safety.
All told, Newsom is proposing a total state budget of $291.5 billion 鈥� about $19 billion less than what he and lawmakers approved last June for 2023-24. But January plans are often revised considerably. Last year, Newsom proposed spending $297 billion; the final total in June was upped to $310 billion.
About would go toward public schools, colleges and health and social services 鈥� a trend that鈥檚 held steady since the 1970s, according to a CalMatters review of state budget data.
Unlike the federal government, most state governments, including California, 鈥� running a deficit . And California isn鈥檛 alone facing a shortfall 鈥� now grappling with budget gaps, ongoing deficits, or both, according to an analysis by The Pew Charitable Trusts.
But many of the proposals outlined today will undoubtedly change in . Following , lawmakers will hold dozens of hearings to evaluate the governor鈥檚 ideas and recommend their own before their June 15 deadline to pass a budget. The Legislative Analyst鈥檚 Office will produce independent revenue projections and policy suggestions as more data pours in. The state鈥檚 read on the budget starting July 1 will gain greater certainty in May when the governor will release updated revenue projections based on the personal income taxes Californians will have paid by April 鈥� and present revised spending proposals.
And while the deficit projected by the governor鈥檚 office is about 20% higher than what California faced last year (, after two years of record surpluses credited to a healthy stock market and federal funds), experts say we鈥檙e not at crisis level just yet: The state is in a better position now to deal with the downturn compared to past deficits during the Great Recession after it . Even after 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 plan to pull from the state鈥檚 reserves, he says the state would have $18.4 billion remaining.
The state could also push for more savings through mid-year cuts in the current budget 鈥� something Newsom deferred to the Legislature. 鈥淟et鈥檚 have that conversation,鈥� he said today.
Revenue misfire
In recent years, about , the core source of government spending, was paid for by personal income taxes. And the top 1%, whose incomes , have historically paid close to half of all income tax revenue for the state.
A main cause of the deficit is a $11.8 billion drop in revenues compared to what the governor and lawmakers expected when they finalized the current budget last June. is the result of both state and giving nearly all Californians more time to file their income taxes due to last winter鈥檚 deadly storms.
That decision meant lawmakers and the governor lacked the usual data when they solidified the budget last year. As a result, they committed money they didn鈥檛 have to spending programs underway now.
Newsom had already signaled that California鈥檚 government needed more belt-tightening: On Dec. 12, his finance department to freeze spending, including new services contracts, IT equipment and vehicles. And last fall, he in vetoing bills that he said would have added $19 billion in unaccounted costs.
The state budget is actually a multi-year math problem 鈥� with very real human consequences 鈥� that projects revenues for the year ahead and factors in surpluses or deficits in the current year and year before. One way to find savings is to delay, or outright cut, so-called one-time spending programs. These are typically , construction projects, or experimental programs that last a few years. Last year鈥檚 budget projected that the 2024-25 fiscal year would include $12 billion in one-time spending; the Legislative Analyst鈥檚 Office said the figure is closer to $9 billion. The analyst鈥檚 office said those one-time projects, including $2.2 billion in transportation and $1.8 billion in education, could be on the chopping block.
Building the proposed budget is largely a closed-door exercise until the governor publishes his plan in January. Scott Graves, a budget expert with the California Budget & Policy Center, said that the governor鈥檚 office starts developing the January budget around May or June of the previous year.
鈥淪o advocates who want to influence what鈥檚 going to appear in the governor鈥檚 proposed budget will use whatever contacts they have within the administration to make their case for particular expenditures or policy changes that they would like to see included in the governor鈥檚 proposal in January,鈥� Graves said in an interview.
That doesn鈥檛 mean the governor鈥檚 team will listen, but once a budget idea appears in the January draft, it has a strong chance of becoming law six months later when the Legislature and the governor finalize the state鈥檚 new spending plan.
If the first six months of the budget process is largely out of public view, the period between now and June is the public鈥檚 chance to weigh in, especially as the Legislature begins its budget and subcommittee hearings starting in February.
In anticipation of today鈥檚 budget release, some groups started their asks early: The League of California Cities 鈥� one of the 鈥� asked the governor in last week for a $3 billion funding stream to increase affordable housing and reduce homelessness. For three years in a row, Newsom has .
Once again, 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 proposed budget does not include an ongoing source of homelessness funding, though local officials and service providers say that relying on one-time grants makes it difficult to plan ahead.
鈥淲ithout ongoing consistent funding, it means we鈥檙e going to have a dysfunctional homeless response system because our homeless response system never knows how much funding is coming from the state,鈥� said Sharon Rapport, director of California state policy for the Corporation for Supportive Housing and member of the Bring CA Home Coalition.
Newsom also warned that cities and counties will face heightened scrutiny this year as they apply for and spend state dollars on their homeless communities. 鈥淚 want to see these encampments cleaned up,鈥� he said, 鈥渁nd I have not seen it as aggressively as I want to see it.鈥�
Praise and blowback
Democratic leaders in the Legislature, who will play a key role in negotiating the final budget with Newsom, had similar responses to 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 plan.
Senate leader said the state is much better prepared than in 2010, when it had to cut programs and raise taxes on the middle class. Senate Budget Committee Chairperson said she appreciates the governor鈥檚 focus on protecting social services for needy Californians, 鈥減articularly our children, students, seniors, and those who rely on the state鈥檚 safety net.鈥�
Assembly Speaker said his caucus 鈥渋s committed to fiscal restraint and spending oversight while delivering solutions to improve the quality of life for all Californians and protect the most vulnerable.鈥�
But Republican leaders criticized Newsom and Democrats for not acting earlier to reduce spending.
鈥淎s the governor pulls revenue gimmicks and accounting tricks, it鈥檚 impossible to bury the truth: California is bleeding because of a decade of Democrats鈥� one-party rule and reckless spending,鈥� Senate GOP leader said in a statement.
, the top Republican on the Assembly budget committee, said it鈥檚 premature to dip into the state鈥檚 鈥渞ainy day鈥� fund and repeated the call for a special session on the budget. 鈥淲aiting will not absolve him of his lack of preparation, and will only cause more harm to the most vulnerable Californians,鈥� Fong said in a statement.
His office shared an analysis showing that in the past three years, the Legislature and Newsom added more than $17 billion in ongoing spending. But that represents a small portion of the huge surpluses the state enjoyed in 2021 and 2022. Newsom of the went toward one-time projects, such as short-term social programs, tax rebates and construction.
Meanwhile, the nonprofit California Budget & Policy Center for not proposing new tax revenues, such as removing tax breaks for corporations and increasing taxes on wealthy residents. Newsom has already declared a wealth tax bill dead on arrival.
狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 plan does call for some reductions, including a combined $4 billion in cuts to climate change and housing programs (more on that below).
Elsewhere, Newsom is proposing lowering by $500 million the amount of money public schools will have for constructing new buildings or maintaining existing ones 鈥� . He signaled, however, he鈥檇 support a bond measure on the November ballot that would potentially bring in billions for school districts to repair and upgrade aging buildings. The current school facilities fund is nearly empty, and the Legislature has been working for months to craft a borrowing plan that could win backing from the governor as well as voters.
Otherwise, TK-12 education funding remained mostly intact, with few changes to transitional kindergarten, community schools, special education, universal school meals and other programs the governor has championed. To support those programs, Newsom proposed dipping into reserves and cutting cost-of-living adjustments to the Local Control Funding Formula 鈥� from a record-high of 8.2% last year to less than 1% in 2024 鈥� which may present challenges to districts also facing the loss of COVID relief funds and declining enrollment.
Newsom is also proposing to phase out nearly $500 million in no-interest loans to public colleges and universities for building additional student housing. That sum would affect 2024-25, but Newsom wants for the loan program through 2028-29. Doing so would put a large dent in the state鈥檚 aspirations to lower the cost of student housing. Still, in the past few years to support the construction of subsidized residence halls for low-income students.
Also in higher education, Newsom seeks to cut a planned $289 million expansion of the newly revised Middle Class Scholarship, choosing instead to maintain it at its base level of more than $600 million annually. The scholarship has given an average of nearly $2,000 to more than 300,000 students when .
Another large cut is pulling $300 million in promised funds to develop a new research center studying the human body鈥檚 immune system. part of an overall $500 million package. But wealthy philanthropists have pledged more than $200 million to UCLA, and the school purchased a .
While some higher ed programs would take a cut, 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 budget proposal avoids significant reductions to public safety programs and projects flat spending of about $18 billion at the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. His administration has moved to close four prisons since he took office, a trend facilitated by the state鈥檚 declining prison population. He did not call for any additional prison closures in the new proposal, and his budget showed a 1.4% projected increase in the number of state prison inmates.
From 123,977 inmates on Jan. 1, 2020, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation now houses 94,222 people. The administration anticipates the number will fall below 90,000 inmates by 2026-27.
In his press conference, Newsom emphasized that his is the future he envisions for the state鈥檚 prisons.
鈥淚 see San Quentin as a catalyst for reform within the system,鈥� Newsom said.
But a group representing domestic violence shelters, rape crisis centers and other crime victims鈥� advocates pointed out that 狈别飞蝉辞尘鈥檚 proposal didn鈥檛 include their requests for the state to commit $200 million to backfill what they expect to be . Those reductions, the group said in a statement, would result in 鈥渃atastrophic鈥� service cuts across California.
CalMatters reporters , , and contributed to this story.
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