Amid growing scientific research into therapeutic uses for psychedelic drugs and a progressive push to soften punishment for drug crimes, California lawmakers are considering a bill to legalize magic mushrooms, Ecstasy and several other hallucinogenic substances.
The proposal has set off an intense debate over how far California should go to embrace novel medical treatments and destigmatize drug use without compromising public safety. While research into the potential benefits of psychedelics to treat PTSD, depression and anxiety is becoming increasingly mainstream in academic settings, the bill goes beyond medical applications to allow recreational use of psychedelics.
Senate Bill 519 would by people age 21 or older. It would not permit the sale of psychedelics in government-sanctioned shops the way is allowed under state law, but sets up the framework for California to move toward regulating psychedelic drugs in the future.
The measure passed a major hurdle last week, clearing the state Senate with the bare minimum of votes necessary, and now moves to the Assembly, where it will likely continue to divide Democrats who control the Legislature.
鈥淲e鈥檝e addressed the issue of drug use by trying to arrest and incarcerate as many people as possible, and it hasn鈥檛 worked.鈥�SEN. SCOTT WIENER, AUTHOR OF BILL TO DECRIMINALIZE PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS
The debate comes five years after California voters legalized cannabis and a year after . Part of a growing movement to combat the War on Drugs, the California bill would mean that a psychedelic trip does not result in a trip to the police station.
鈥淲e鈥檝e addressed the issue of drug use by trying to arrest and incarcerate as many people as possible, and it hasn鈥檛 worked,鈥� said Democratic Sen. Scott Wiener of San Francisco, the bill鈥檚 author. 鈥淭his War on Drugs hasn鈥檛 reduced drug use. It hasn鈥檛 reduced addiction. It hasn鈥檛 reduced overdoses. It鈥檚 made the problem worse.鈥�
He鈥檚 pushing the measure as a way to expand treatment for mental illnesses and roll back criminal justice policies that he sees as discriminating against people of color.
However, some lawmakers say that Wiener鈥檚 approach goes too far. Among the drugs it would legalize is ketamine, which, according to law enforcement officials, is sometimes used to facilitate sexual assaults.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 know why in the world we would be contemplating legalizing a drug like ketamine, used to incapacitate young women and girls for the purposes of raping them,鈥� GOP Sen. Melissa Melendez of Temecula said during a heated debate last week on the Senate floor.
Law enforcement groups also oppose the bill. The Peace Officers鈥� Research Association of California 鈥� a federation of police unions 鈥� argues that it would lead to more drug dealing and crime.
鈥淲e believe many of the penalties related to controlled substances work as a deterrent or a reason for individuals to get the treatment they need to turn their lives around,鈥� the group wrote to the Senate Public Safety Committee. 鈥淎s we have seen so many times, it is often the most vulnerable populations, and those who have the weakest support systems, that will be most susceptible to the increased access and use of drugs.鈥�
鈥淚 don鈥檛 know why in the world we would be contemplating legalizing a drug like ketamine, used to incapacitate young women and girls for the purposes of raping them.鈥�SEN. MELISSA MELENDEZ, OPPONENT OF BILL TO LEGALIZE PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS
Democrats are divided over the proposal.
Sen. Bob Archuleta, a Pico Rivera Democrat, said he voted against the bill because it would legalize psychedelics before lawmakers have more information about their effects. The bill would set up a working group in the state Department of Public Health to research psychedelic substances in greater depth. Archuleta said he鈥檇 rather wait to receive definitive guidance from the group.
In Wiener鈥檚 eyes, there is no time to wait. Lives are on the line. than the national suicide rate, according to 2016 data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Help for veterans?
In come psychedelics. The scientific research looks promising. Recent studies suggest that psychedelics such as MDMA 鈥� better known as molly or Ecstasy 鈥� could fill a gap in mental health care for veterans suffering from PTSD.
The UCLA Center for Health Policy Research found that nearly did not feel like they received the treatment they needed. It鈥檚 one reason .
鈥淚 had tried countless failed treatments and felt hopeless鈥� With no other options left, I felt I had nothing to lose by pursuing psychedelic treatment outside the U.S.,鈥� Marcus Capone, a former Navy SEAL, wrote in an op-ed urging lawmakers to pass the bill. 鈥淧ractically overnight, I felt a huge weight had been lifted and my cognitive functioning returned. After years of frustration and hopelessness, I got my life back.鈥�
Emerging scientific research shows that psychedelics can help people with PTSD learn new thinking patterns and overcome trauma.
鈥淢DMA has a role to play in the extinction of fear-based memories, and fear-based memories are very well encoded in the brain there,鈥� said Jennifer Mitchell, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco and a member of the UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics. 鈥淚t does appear to impact the consolidation and recollection of fear-based memories.鈥�
The MDMA dose does not remove these fear-based memories. Mitchell says it helps patients revisit traumatic moments without the overhang of the usual fear or shame. Guided by a therapist, patients can work through their thoughts more deeply and eventually let them go.
Mitchell likens the effects of MDMA on memories to snow falling in a snow globe. Imagine skiing down a mountainside using the same trail every time. 鈥淓very time you take that trail, the snow gets a little bit more deeply packed and the trail gets a little bit more worn. And soon, that鈥檚 the only way up the mountain,鈥� said Mitchell.
鈥淭he psychedelic allows you to shake the snow globe and for a fresh, smooth, new coat of snow to fall everywhere, such that that path is no longer apparent and you can find a new way off the mountain.鈥�
Beyond PTSD, psychedelic drugs also offer promise for depression and anxiety treatments. A Johns Hopkins study from last year observed how adults with depression responded to two doses of psilocybin 鈥� and they thrived. More than . The four-fold. In another study, a participant who had taken many anti-anxiety medications that had never helped his depression finally got better after facilitated therapy sessions with psilocybin. He was , and the psilocybin helped him cut that circuit short so he could heal.
Several research universities have invested in studying psychedelics鈥� medical potential, especially in the past two years. The Neuroscape Psychedelics Division at UC San Francisco formed in March 2021 with $6.4 million in private funding. The Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, formed in September 2020, is supported by $17 million in private funding.
While many California lawmakers said they were persuaded that psychedelics could be beneficial in some medical settings, some were concerned about one phrase in Wiener鈥檚 bill: 鈥渟ocial sharing.鈥�
鈥楽ocial sharing鈥� debate
The legislation allows adults to exchange psychedelics with each other, so long as no money is involved. It would essentially sanction party drugs, argued Republican Sen. Pat Bates of Laguna Niguel.
鈥淚f we want to confine it, specify it for its therapeutic use with our veterans, I totally support that, but I do believe that this steps way over that,鈥� she said, before voting 鈥渘o.鈥�
But Wiener argues that social sharing is an essential element of legalization.
鈥淚f people are going to use psychedelics, it鈥檚 better for them to use it with someone else because, even though people overwhelmingly use these drugs safely, anyone can have a bad reaction to any kind of drug, legal or illegal,鈥� he said.
But social sharing also opens up liability questions that concern Mitchell, the neuroscientist. 鈥淯nless there is regulation, who鈥檚 to say that somebody鈥檚 shrooms that they pick themselves in some field are the right thing? And if they share it, and it鈥檚 the wrong thing, and somebody dies鈥� who鈥檚 to blame, and how do we fix that?鈥� said Mitchell.
As decriminalization movements gain traction on the West Coast, some Native American groups in the Southwest remain concerned it could encroach on their traditional practices. The peyote cactus 鈥� a natural source of the psychedelic drug mescaline 鈥� is central to religious ceremonies for the Navajo Nation. The Los Angeles Times reported last year that . They fear it would diminish the natural supply of peyote, which is already a vulnerable species.
In response to this concern, Wiener鈥檚 bill would not decriminalize mescaline sourced from peyote. While it would still be illegal to possess a peyote cactus, the bill would allow mescaline from other types of cacti.
鈥淲e made this decision to honor the sovereign rights of Native Peyote practitioners, who point out that the peyote cactus is a sacrament and the peyote gardens in Texas have a dwindling supply of naturally-growing peyote,鈥� Catie Stewart, Wiener鈥檚 spokesperson, wrote in an email to CalMatters.
In 2019, Oakland became the first city in California to decriminalize all psychedelic plants. Less than a year later, Santa Cruz passed a similar measure.
But those are some of the most progressive enclaves in California. Whether the whole state is ready to embrace psychedelics is a question that will be answered this summer, as the state Assembly considers Wiener鈥檚 bill. The Assembly has a bloc of moderate Democrats 鈥� some of whom represent swing districts 鈥� who sometimes side with Republicans to kill liberal legislation.
鈥淚f the bill doesn鈥檛 make it through the Assembly, we will try again,鈥� Wiener said. 鈥淭he issue is not going away, and sometimes it takes a few tries to get a bill through.鈥�
CalMatters is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.